Typically the transmitter adds a redundancy check number to the end of each frame. However, real-life implementations vary to address certain issues of design. The above behavior is a basic example of Stop-and-Wait. The timeout countdown is reset after each frame transmission. If the ACK does not reach the sender before a certain time, known as the timeout, the sender sends the same frame again. After receiving a valid frame, the receiver sends an ACK. After sending each frame, the sender doesn't send any further frames until it receives an acknowledgement (ACK) signal. A stop-and-wait ARQ sender sends one frame at a time it is a special case of the general sliding window protocol with transmit and receive window sizes equal to one in both cases. It is the simplest automatic repeat-request (ARQ) mechanism. It ensures that information is not lost due to dropped packets and that packets are received in the correct order. Stop-and-wait ARQ, also referred to as alternating bit protocol, is a method in telecommunications to send information between two connected devices. A diagram of the Stop-and-Wait ARQ protocol and its operation in various cases.
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